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Only Marsupial In North America

Written By Friday, 4 November 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of marsupial

Virginia opossum[1]
Opossum 2.jpg
N American opossum in winter

Conservation status


Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Form: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Social club: Didelphimorphia
Family: Didelphidae
Genus: Didelphis
Species:

D. virginiana

Binomial name
Didelphis virginiana

(Kerr, 1792)
Virginia Opossum range.png
Range of habitat, showing both historic, native range and introductions in the west; these areas are currently expanding north (e.k., into Wisconsin and Minnesota).[three]
Synonyms

Didelphis marsupialis virginiana [4]

The Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ), also known every bit the Due north American opossum, is the only opossum living north of United mexican states, its range extending southward into Primal America. It is the northernmost marsupial in the earth. In the United States and Canada, it is typically called a possum, 'possum or opossum. It is a lone nocturnal animal about the size of a domestic true cat, and a successful opportunist.

Opossums are familiar to many Due north Americans as they often inhabit settled areas virtually food sources like trash cans, pet food, compost piles, gardens or housemice. Their slow and nocturnal nature, and their attraction to roadside feces, makes many roadkill.

Name [edit]

The Virginia opossum is the original animal named "opossum", a word which comes from Algonquian wapathemwa, pregnant "white animal". Colloquially, the Virginia opossum is often only called a "possum".[5] The name opossum is applied more generally to any of the other marsupials of the families Didelphidae and Caenolestidae. The generic proper noun (Didelphis) is derived from Ancient Greek: di, "two", and delphus, "womb".[6]

The possums of Australia, whose name is derived from a similarity to the opossums of the Americas, are also marsupials, but of the order Diprotodontia.

The Virginia opossum is known in United mexican states equally tlacuache, tacuachi, and tlacuachi, from the Nahuatl word tlacuatzin.

Range [edit]

The Virginia opossum's ancestors evolved in S America, but spread into Northward America as role of the Great American Interchange, which occurred mainly afterward the germination of the Isthmus of Panama about iii million years ago. Didelphis was obviously i of the later migrants, entering North America well-nigh 0.eight million years ago.[7] It is now constitute throughout Central America and Due north America from Republic of costa rica to southern Ontario and is expanding its range northward, northwesterly and northeasterly at a significant pace.[5]

Its pre-European settlement range was generally as far north every bit Maryland; southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois; Missouri and Kansas. The clearing of dense forests in these areas and further north by settlers immune the opossum to move northward. Elimination of the opossums main predators in these areas also contributed to their expansion. Since 1900, information technology has expanded its range to include most of New England (including Maine); New York, extreme southwestern Quebec; most of southern and eastern Ontario; most of Michigan and Wisconsin; virtually of Minnesota, southeastern Southward Dakota and virtually of Nebraska.

Areas such as Rhode Island and Waterloo Region and Simcoe County in southern Ontario rarely had sightings of opossums in the 1960s, but now take them regularly, some speculate that this is probable due to global warming causing winters to be warmer.[8] Some people speculate the expansion into Ontario mostly occurred by opossums accidentally being transferred across the St. Lawrence, Niagara, Detroit and St. Clair rivers past motor vehicles or trains they may have climbed upon. As the opossum is not adjusted to colder winters or heavy snowfall, its population may be significantly reduced if a colder wintertime with heavier snow occurs in a particular northern region.

The Virginia opossum was not originally native to the Westward Coast of the United States. It was intentionally introduced into the Due west[v] during the Great Low, probably as a source of food,[nine] and now occupies much of the Pacific coast. Its range has been expanding steadily northward into British Columbia, Canada.

Description [edit]

Skull of a Virginia opossum

The back foot has an opposable "thumb".

Virginia opossums tin can vary considerably in size, with larger specimens plant to the north of the opossum's range and smaller specimens in the tropics. They measure out 13–37 in (35–94 cm) long from their snout to the base of the tail, with the tail adding some other 8.5–xix in (21.6–47 cm). Weight for males ranges from ane.seven to fourteen lb (0.viii–half dozen.4 kg) and for females from 11 ounces to eight.two lb (0.3–three.vii kg).[x] They are ane of the world's most variably sized mammals, since a large male from northern North America weighs most twenty times as much as a pocket-sized female from the torrid zone.[ citation needed ]

Their coats are a wearisome grayish brown, other than on their faces, which are white. Opossums take long, hairless, prehensile tails, which tin exist used to take hold of branches and comport pocket-sized objects. They as well have hairless ears and a long, flat nose. Opossums have fifty teeth, more than whatever other North American state mammal,[11] and opposable, clawless thumbs on their rear limbs. Opossums take thirteen nipples, arranged in a circle of 12 with one in the centre.[12] [xiii]

The dental formula of an opossum is five.1.three.4 4.1.3.4 .[14] No other mammal in Northward America has more than 6 upper incisors, but the Virginia opossum has 10.

Perhaps surprisingly for such a widespread and successful species, the Virginia opossum has one of the lowest encephalization quotients of whatsoever marsupial.[15] Its brain is one-fifth the size of a raccoon'due south.[16]

Tracks [edit]

Opossum tracks (photo center) in mud: Left-fore print appears on left heart of photo, right-hind print appears right center. The minor, round tracks at bottom centre of photograph were made by a meadow vole. The yellow ruler (elevation) is in inches.

Pacing diagram for Virginia opossum - key: rectangles correspond hind tracks, ellipses are fore tracks, left tracks are red, right are light-green. (a) the position of the four anxiety frozen in mid-stride. (b) the opossum brings right fore and hind anxiety forward. (c) the opossum brings left fore and hind feet forward. One grid square represents ane foursquare inch.

Virginia opossum tracks mostly show v finger-like toes in both the fore and hind prints.[17] The hind tracks are unusual and distinctive due to the opossum's opposable pollex, which mostly prints at an angle of 90° or greater to the other fingers (sometimes near 180°). Individual developed tracks generally measure 1.9 in long by two.0 in wide (four.8 × five.i cm) for the fore prints and 2.5 in long past 2.three in wide (vi.4 × 5.seven cm) for the hind prints. Opossums have claws on all fingers fore and hind except on the two thumbs (in the photograph, claw marks show as small holes simply across the tip of each finger); these generally bear witness in the tracks. In a soft medium, such as the mud in this photograph, the foot pads conspicuously show (these are the deep, darker areas where the fingers and toes encounter the rest of the hand or foot, which accept been filled with plant debris by wind due to the avant-garde age of the tracks).

The tracks in the photograph were fabricated while the opossum was walking with its typical pacing gait. The four aligned toes on the hind print show the approximate direction of travel.

In a pacing gait, the limbs on 1 side of the body are moved simultaneously, just prior to moving both limbs on the other side of the body. This is illustrated in the pacing diagram, which explains why the left-fore and right-hind tracks are generally found together (and vice versa). If the opossum was not walking (peradventure running), the prints would fall in a different design. Other animals that more often than not employ a pacing gait are raccoons, bears, skunks, badgers, woodchucks, porcupines, and beavers.

When pacing, the opossum'due south 'stride' generally measures from seven to 10 in, or 18 to 25 cm (in the pacing diagram the stride is 8.five in, where one grid foursquare is equal to 1 intwo). To determine the stride of a pacing gait, measure from the tip (simply across the fingers or toes in the direction of travel, disregarding hook marks) of i set of fore/hind tracks to the tip of the adjacent set up. By taking careful footstep and track-size measurements, one tin commonly determine what species of animal created a set of tracks, even when individual track details are vague or obscured.

Behavior [edit]

"Playing possum" [edit]

When injured or threatened (eastward.g., by a dog), the Virginia opossum is known to feign death or "play possum".

If threatened, an opossum volition either abscond or take a stand. To appear threatening, an opossum volition first bare its fifty teeth, snap its jaw, hiss, drool, and stand its fur on terminate to wait bigger.[eighteen] If this does not piece of work, the Virginia opossum is noted for feigning death in response to extreme fearfulness.[19] This is the genesis of the term "playing possum", which ways pretending to be expressionless or injured with intent to deceive.[twenty]

In this inactive state it lies limp and motionless on its side, rima oris and eyes open up, natural language hanging out, and feet clenched.[18] Fear can too cause the opossum to release a green fluid from its anus with a putrid olfactory property that repels predators.[19] [21] Heart charge per unit drops by half, and breathing charge per unit is so slow and shallow information technology is hardly detectable.[xviii] Decease feigning ordinarily stops when the threat withdraws, and it tin can last for several hours.[18] [21] Likewise discouraging animals that swallow live prey, playing possum as well convinces some large animals that the opossum is no threat to their young.[nineteen] "Playing possum" in response to threats from oncoming traffic oftentimes results in death.[22]

Diet [edit]

Dark camera shows video of an opossum considering a bagel before walking away

Opossums are omnivorous (sometimes said to be insectivorous) and swallow a wide range of plant-based food, equally well as creature-based food like pocket-size invertebrates, carrion, eggs, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, modest mammals, and other pocket-size animals.[23]

Insects such every bit grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles make upwards the majority of animate being foods.[24] Information technology has been stated that opossums eat up to 95% of the ticks they meet.[22] [25] and may swallow upward to 5,000 ticks per flavour, helping to prevent the spread of tick-born illnesses, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mount spotted fever.[25] This interpretation has been challenged.[26]

Pocket-sized animals include young rabbits, meadow voles, mice, rats, birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, fish, and crayfish.[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] The Virginia opossum has been found to be very resistant to ophidian venom.[32] [25] Attracted to feces on the side of the highway, opossums are at an increased risk of being hitting by motor vehicles.[21]

Plant foods are mainly eaten in late summer, autumn, and early winter.[24] These include raspberries, blackberries, apples, acorns, beechnuts, and vegetables.[24] Persimmons are one of the opossum's favorite foods during the autumn.[33] Opossums in urban areas scavenge from bird feeders, vegetable gardens, compost piles, garbage cans, and food dishes intended for dogs and cats.[24] [27]

Virginia opossum in northeastern Ohio

Opossums in captivity are known to engage in cannibalism, though this is probably uncommon in the wild.[34] Because of this, placing an injured opossum in a bars infinite with its healthy counterparts is inadvisable.

Seasonality [edit]

The Virginia opossum is almost active during the spring and summer.[24] It does not hibernate merely reduces its activity during the wintertime.[23] [35] It may non exit its den for several days if the temperature drops below -vii to -four degrees C.[24] Both males and females are at greater take chances of injury during breeding flavor.[36] Males extend their range in search of mates which puts them at greater risk of injury from motor vehicles and predators due to unknown territory.[36] Females carrying young are slower moving and have to forage earlier in the evening and subsequently into the night, besides increasing their risk of injury from motor vehicles and predation.[36]

Reproduction [edit]

The breeding flavour for the Virginia opossum can begin as early as December and proceed through October with most immature born between February and June.[36] A female opossum may have one to 3 litters per twelvemonth.[36] During the mating flavour, the male attracts the female by making clicking sounds with his mouth.[36] The female'southward estrus cycle is 28 days and lasts 36 hours.[36] Gestation lasts 11–xiii days and the boilerplate litter size is viii–nine infants, although over twenty infants may exist born.[36] Opossums accept a very high bloodshed rate of their immature; only one in ten offspring survive to reproductive machismo.[37]

Newborns are the size of a honeybee.[24] Once delivered through the median vagina or central nascence canal, newborn opossums climb up into the female opossum's pouch and latch onto one of her 13 teats.[36] The young remain latched for two months and in the pouch for two+ 1⁄ii months.[36] The immature and then climb onto the mother's back, where she carries them for the residual of their time together.[36] It is during this time that the young larn survival skills.[36] They leave their mother subsequently most 4 or five months.[38]

Like all female marsupials, the female person's reproductive system is bifid, with two lateral vaginae, uteri, and ovaries.[39] The male person's penis is as well bifid, with two heads, and every bit is common in New World marsupials, the sperm pair up in the testes and only separate as they come close to the egg.[39]

Lifespan [edit]

Compared to other mammals, including nearly other marsupials except dasyuromorphians, opossums have unusually short lifespans for their size and metabolic rate.[twoscore] [41] The Virginia opossum has a maximal lifespan in the wild of only about two years.[42] Even in captivity, opossums live only near 4 years.[43] The rapid senescence of opossums is thought to reflect the fact that they accept few defenses against predators; given that they would have little prospect of living very long regardless, they are not under selective pressure to develop biochemical mechanisms to enable a long lifespan.[44] In support of this hypothesis, one population on Sapelo Isle, 5 miles (8 km) off the declension of Georgia, which has been isolated for thousands of years without natural predators, was constitute by Dr. Steven Austad to have evolved lifespans upward to 50% longer than those of mainland populations.[44] [45]

Historical references [edit]

An early clarification of the opossum comes from explorer John Smith, who wrote in Map of Virginia, with a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion in 1608 that "An Opassom hath an head similar a Swine, and a taile like a Rat, and is of the bignes of a True cat. Under her abdomen she hath a bagge, wherein she lodgeth, carrieth, and sucketh her immature."[46] [47] The opossum was more formally described in 1698 in a published letter entitled "Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum Masculum. Or, The Anatomy of a Male person Opossum: In a Letter to Dr Edward Tyson," from Mr William Cowper, Chirurgeon, and Boyfriend of the Royal Society, London, by Edward Tyson, Thousand.D. Fellow of the Higher of Physicians and of the Royal Order. The letter of the alphabet suggests fifty-fifty before descriptions.[48]

Relationship with humans [edit]

Virginia opossum cornered in a piano in Houston, Texas, soon before its release

Like raccoons, opossums tin be found in urban environments, where they eat pet food, rotten fruit, and human garbage. Humans may be causing an increment in body size for opossums that alive nigh urban environments.[49] Though sometimes mistakenly considered to be rats, opossums are non closely related to rodents, or other placental mammals.

Opossums are surprisingly resistant to rabies,[fifty] nigh likely because they have lower body temperatures than nigh placental mammals.[51] In addition, opossums limit the spread of Lyme disease, every bit they successfully kill off most disease-carrying ticks that feed on them,[52] though this has been recently challenged.[26] D. virginiana is among the nearly common predators of poultry farming in North America.[53] [54]

The opossum was in one case a favorite game animal in the U.s.a., particularly in the southern regions which have a big torso of recipes and folklore relating to it.[55] Their past wide consumption in regions where nowadays is evidenced by recipes bachelor online[56] and in books such as older editions of The Joy of Cooking.[57] A traditional method of preparation is blistering, sometimes in a pie or pastry,[58] though at present "possum pie" virtually often refers to a sweet confection containing no meat of any kind.

Effectually the turn of the 20th century, the opossum was the subject of numerous songs, including "Cleave dat Possum," a minstrel song written in 1875 by Sam Lucas.[59]

Although it is widely distributed in the United States, the Virginia opossum'due south appearance in sociology and popularity as a food item has tied it closely to the American Southeast. In blitheness, it is ofttimes used to describe uncivilized characters or "hillbillies". Non surprisingly, and so, the Virginia opossum is featured in several episodes of the hit Television show The Beverly Hillbillies, such every bit the "Possum Day" episode in 1965.[60] The title character in Walt Kelly's long-running comic strip Pogo was an opossum. In an attempt to create some other icon like the teddy bear, President William Howard Taft was tied to the character Billy Possum.[61] [62] The character did not practice well, as public perception of the opossum led to its downfall. In December 2010, a cross-eyed Virginia opossum in Germany's Leipzig Zoo named Heidi became an international celebrity.[63] She appeared on a Television receiver talk evidence to predict the 2011 Oscar winners, similar to the Globe Cup predictions fabricated previously past Paul the Octopus, also in Federal republic of germany.[64]

The Perelman Building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, an annex of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, was formerly the Allegiance Mutual Life Insurance Company Building. Built in the late 1920s its facade is decorated with polychrome sculptures of animals symbolizing various attributes of insurance, including a possum to represent "protection."

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • The National Opossum Gild
  • Opossum Gild of the United states of america
  • "Virginian Opossum". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

Only Marsupial In North America,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_opossum

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